Frankenstein vs. Blade Runner Essay Example

Frankenstein vs. Blade Runner Essay Example Frankenstein vs. Blade Runner Essay Frankenstein vs. Blade Runner Essay Both Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner are classic science fiction stories that deal with the themes of technology’s effect on humanity and the question of ‘What does it mean to be human? ’ In Blade Runner, the film portrays the human race having a diminished sense of ‘humanity’ because the collective cultures and communities that exist in present day are non-existent in Blade Runner’s dystopian earth. Take for example the confrontation between Chief Bryant and Deckard over whether to ‘retire’ the rogue replicants. First Bryant tries to passively push Deckard to come out of retirement; but when Deckard refuses to comply, Bryant resorts to using abusive threats and bullying to get Deckard to do the dirty work and kill the replicants. This theme continues to appear throughout the movie as the human characters bark and snap at each other constantly. Which indicates the lack of respect they have for each other, showing the breakdown of human relationships in this dystopian world. In contrast, the Replicants, who by all accounts are the most synthetic aspects of the film, appear to have the most genuine compassion, companionship, morality, empathy and courtesy for each other. This makes them appear more human than the actual protagonists in the film. Throughout Blade Runner the replicants tend to hold more civil and polite conversations with one another, demonstrating the compassion they have for each other and a caring empathy that lacks between the humans. : By the end of Bladrunner, the replicants appear to have a identity that is more human when compared to the actual humans in the film. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein also functions in a similar way. Frankenstein compares Victor Frankenstein’s creature to Victor himself and by the end, the roles of ‘human’ and ‘creature’ are reversed. Initially the creature is frustrated and is full of hatred for his creator’s abandonment and society’s abhorrence of his appearance. Frankensteins creature explains his anger, saying, There was non among the myriads of men that existed who would pity or assist me; and should I feel kindness towards my enemies? No: from that moment I declared everlasting war against the species, and, more than all, against him who had formed me and sent me forth to this insupportable misery. After realizing that his creator will eventually do nothing to help him cope with being alone in the world and detested by society, the creature kills off Victor’s family, turning the nce urbane gentleman into a monster not unlike the creature. Echoes of the creature’s earlier statements now appear in Victor’s deathbed speech, illustrating the degree in which Victor has become dehumanized. â€Å"I was cursed by some devil,† he cries, â€Å"and carried about with me my eternal hell† (142). Driven by his hatred for the other, the ‘human’ – Victor – distances himself farther and farthe r away from human society and sanity and becomes a creature possessed in finding and killing his creation. After his creator’s passing the creature pays one final visit to his former master and while Victor in the end believes him to be a  insensitive brute, Shelley casts the creature as a martyred classical hero: â€Å"I shall ascend my funeral pile triumphantly and exult in the agony of the torturing flames,† he says (149). Fittingly, the last few pages of the story are taken up with the creature’s own words as he preaches to the reader about his apparent moralistic change in an attempt to give himself self-definition. Another theme that can be seen in both Blade Runner and Frankenstein, is the question of ‘Are creations of science born inherently evil? ’ To put it into context for Blade Runner, Dr. Eldon Tyrell – inventor of the replicants – created machines that functioned almost the same as humans, but they were thrust into the world without any memories and experiences. The replicants were also expected to work and adapt to a changing world with an underdeveloped brain on par with a pre-pubescent child. Dr. Tyrell realised this and thus implanted within them a four-year lifespan with which time they would automatically die. This was due to the fear that the replicants, who were born with a mind of ‘tabula rasa’ or a blank slate, would develop humanistic feelings and become human. From this the movie illustrates that as the replicants (especially the seven rouge replicants) reach the end of their lifespan, they become scared of ceasing to exist and then take drastic measures to allow themselves to live Frankenstein functions in a similar way, the gothic horror novel explores what makes us human and questions the reader to pinpoint what are the attributes of a human being and how do humans become integrated into society. The creature shows that humans and man-made creatures alike are born with inherently good, and nature and the conditions around determine future personality, or the old nature/nurture argument. When Frankenstein’s creation turns against him, the novel shows that it is not the fault of the creature, but rather the wrongdoings of society that forced the creature to act the way he did.

Technical summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technical summary - Essay Example Mouse-adapted H1N1 A/PR/8/34 strains were used for the study. Genomic RNA (full-length) was acquired by infecting MDCK cells; the procedure was done under biosafety level-2 conditions. pFBHAhisKDEL and pFBMelHAhis plasmids were used to produce the recombinant baculoviruses BacHAhisKDEL and BacMelHAhis using Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The instructions provided by the manufacturer of the system were strictly followed. Control used was baculovirus vector BacNI (this is a baculovirus, which has no foreign gene). There was propagation and amplification of the recombinant baculoviruses in Sf21 insect cells in order to attain infective titers of around 108 plaque-forming units (pfu) (Gomez-Casado 36). Sf21 insect cells and the insect larvae (Trichoplusia ni) were infected using recombinant baculovirus dilution to attain the amount of pfu per dose required for each selection. Total soluble and non-denatured proteins (TSNDPs) were obtained through homogenization; these proteins were from baculoviruses infected T. ni larvae (Gomez-Casado 36). The proteins were prepared using various techniques for western blot (WB) assays and protein size determination. Recombinant HAhisKDEL protein purification from the infected larvae was done using Co2+-based immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) resins (Gomez-Casado 37). The response of HA-specific IgG (immunoglobin G) was measured using ELISA tests. Inhibition tests of hemagglutination were done for each of the duplicate based on instruction from the World Organization for Animal Health. Female mice (6 to 8 weeks old) were immunized and tested for virus challenge. The first group of mice (4) was immunized with TSNDP extract (containi ng HAhisKDEL protein) from the infected larvae. The second group (4 mice) was immunized with purified HAhisKDEL protein. Control group (3 mice) were immunized using TSNDP extract

Should Animal Experimentation Be Permitted Essay

Should Animal Experimentation Be Permitted - Essay Example Experiments on the regeneration of spinal nerve endings were conducted at the University of Zurich. In test-tube testing, nerves dismembered from rats were left open to immunoglobulin that blocked regeneration. The nerves regenerated successfully though not fully. The rats were the animals of choice because there was no other suitable replacement. The use of animals in these studies is important as those involved cannot present a raw form of treatment directly to humans. Opposition of experiments conducted on animals is a threat to medical advances and the furtherance of human knowledge. In relation to medical research, since there are no suitable replacements for animals, animal experimentation should be allowed. On the hand, due to the emotions attached individuals to animals, activists call for a ban as this is a selfish act for humans. The claim also is that, â€Å"will humans keep experimenting and murdering animals for these selfish gains till they are endangered?† Moreo ver, still on medical advances, animal testing should not be permitted as the same animals do not have the complexity of the human body (Murnaghan, par 3). Thus, should the products tested on animals fail on humans; it will be a waste of animals such as rats and mice. As a replacement for animals, computer models and simulations can be used to predict the likely reactions from an experiment (Murnaghan, par 3). Animal experiments should not be permitted if at all they are carried out unnecessarily (Environment commission, p.1). This is, in cases, such as those carried out for aesthetic value where animals should not be allowed for use. Instead, they should test their products by looking for volunteers, as it is the humans to use the products. At the same time, it tests on animals should be allowed as the animals conditions are put into considerations during the tests. In this case, they are not to suffer according to the law. This is such that, when the animals acquire adverse condit ions and complications from the experiments or reach the â€Å"human endpoint† (serious respiratory problems, loss of weight and extreme tumor growth), the animal is euthanized if the case is severe (Vos, p. 1). This is to mean that as long the animals welfare is taken into account, testing should be allowed. In drug experiment, animal testing assists in ensuring the wellbeing of medication taken by human beings or stuffs that human being are uncovered to frequently. Animals are used to test the dangers of these substances on humans thus lowering the potential harm and saving lives. Animal experiments should not be allowed as there are alternatives. Despite not being the best alternatives to animals, they can be used to reduce the numbers of animals used as well as the level of their suffering during experimentation. Replacements could be; cell cultures, which reduce the, number of animals used, use of statistics, which uses comprehensive data to gauge the spread of disease, and finally the use of advanced scanning technology that allows for investigation of disease through human scans rather than performing animal testing(Paul, 7). The use of animals for experimenting increases the knowledge and understanding of the animal being used for the experiment. This means that the animal species being used is a beneficiary of the experiment in that researchers may come up with ways to help the animals survive. This is as in cases where

Mechanisms of Viral Transmission

Mechanisms of Viral Transmission Most of the new viral diseases that enter the human population are enzootic viruses that have changed their hosts. These enzootic viruses tend to have a severe effect in humans. A viral disease emerges in a population through a series of steps the initial infection, the spillover, and lastly the host to host transfer. These steps are further aided or prevented by the virulence factors present in the virus versus the host or human whichever the case susceptibility. It is important to determine the source of these viruses and whether it was via an enzootic or epizootic virus. The barriers that the virus faces when trying to infect a new host are just as important as the role that the environment plays in the viruss transmissibility. There are many factors to consider when looking at viruses how viruses change hosts. New viruses can emerge in a population through contact with an alternative host. Until recently the probability of a virus changing hosts was limited by the restricted contact between the initial host and the alternative host. An increase in contact can be accomplished by introducing the host animal to domestication or any other arena that would serve to increase the likelihood of human contact. Primates that have been infected with simian immunodeficiency virus in Africa were separated from areas of high human populations which in turn significantly limited the chances of the virus changing hosts and infecting humans. The chances of viral contact can also be increased by changes in social and sexual behavior, increased travel, hygiene practices and the increased density of the population that work in favor of the virus and increase the chances of infection in an alternative human host. The significance of initial host to alternative host contact can be examined through the instance in Africa where primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus in Africa were removed from areas of high human populations and in turn significantly reduced the number of the host changes from primate to humans. The removal of the infected animal from direct human contact does not prevent transmission though intermediate hosts. In Malaysia fruit bats are the reservoirs for the virus nipah and with the large number fruit orchards near pig farms the incidence of contact between the virus and the pig is greatly increased. When it comes to a viruss ability to infect a new host there are new barriers that the virus must learn to penetrate. An important part of a viruss ability to infect new hosts is its ability to infect that hosts cells. In humans the viruss can have trouble entering the host via due to factors that fight off viral infections or something as simple as the surface of human skin can pose as a barrier for entry into an alternative host. When galactosyl producing virions which are not normally found in humans are detected in the body the galactosyl brings about an antibody response that inactivates the virus and prevents its spread. A mechanism of action such as this requires the viruss need to rapidly adapt to bypass the barriers that are set up to prevent viral infection. Even if the relative distance in relation between the initial host and the alternative host of a virus is close the intensity and rate of the contact between the two species is still a factor. When a virus infects a new host that is distantly or closely related to the previous host it does not mean that the host cannot also transfer the virus to more distantly related organism. Integration of a virus into a new host cell is also dependent on the receptor binding that occurs between the virus and host cell. The changes that the virus has to undergo in order to infect the new host cells must coincide with the receptors that are found already on the host cells. A process involving the transfer of the FPV virus to infect canine involved a gain of two mutations that then allowed for it to bind to the canine transferrin receptors. These mutations allowed for the FPV virus to increase its host range successfully gain the ability to infect canines with a new form of the FPV virus CPV. Blockades for the spread of the viral infection once it has infected the new host cells can exist in the form of proteins that prevent the spread of the virus to neighboring cells. The capsid proteins of viruses are stopped at the cytoplasm of the new host cell by TRIM5ÃŽ ± a protein that binds to the capsid of the virus preventing its entry into the host cell. Generalist and specialist viruses are two categories for viruses that can possibly predict and help determine the ranges of hosts that a particular virus can infect; and whether or not a virus is a candidate for host switching. Generalist viruses are expected to have an increased incidence of alternative host shifting while specialist viruses are the opposite and are unable to bypass the barriers in the host cells receptors and other defenses that would require the virus to mutant in order to effectively infect the cell. Most of the specialist cells have trouble making it past the initial infection of the alternative host. Viruses that have a wide range of hosts have a built in advantage already in that they do not have to alter in order to successfully make a change in the types of organism that they can infect. The rate of variation in a virus directly determines the adaptability of a virus into a new host. Viruses that have a high evolving rate are more likely to cross species and cause infection in a new host due to its ability to quickly adapt to the host cell. RNA viruses do not have proofreading mechanisms as well as replication that is error prone and are in that sense much more variable than DNA viruses. DNA viruses are less variable than RNA viruses but some exception exist in that certain single stranded DNA the rate of variation may be similar to that of RNA viruses. A reduction in virus fitness occurs when the virus undergoes mutations that are necessary in order to infect a new host. If the virus is using a intermediate host even more adaptations are required and the virus is further reduced in fitness. The addition of the intermediate hosts help to explain why the influenza A virus infects each of its hosts differently through different mechanisms. In humans for example the infection is found in the lower respiratory tract than in other hosts where it is located in the upper respiratory tract. Reassortments and recombinants aid in a virus adaptability to a new host cell by making a number of genetic changes in a shorter amount of time. The CoV virus of the bat in recombination with another virus was able to make a new virus SARS that can infect humans and other hosts. The intermediate virus is a form of the virus that infects the intermediate host. This virus is the least stable form of the virus. The lower fitted virus loses some of the capability to infect previous parental host types efficiently in addition to the newer crossover hosts they are trying to infect. This phenomenon could account for the low percentage of viral crossover between species. The article did a good job of following the trend and mechanism with which a virus switches hosts. More investigation should be done in the areas of the initial infection of the virus and how it crosses over. More studies should also be done on the likelihood of a virus from another animal making the host switch to infect humans and how that spread can be predicted and prevented. Further studies should be done on how the viruses that make the jump to a species that is not close in the evolutionary chain to who they normally infect to humans. A broader knowledge of how the virus adapts itself to survive in an organism that is so different from its original host also deserves further investigation. If the topics of interest listed are further studied and developed then the article would have a more focused and concise viewpoint instead of the disorganized and sometimes abandoned thread of thoughts that exist at some points within the article.

Biased Elections in the House of Representatives :: Politics Political Essays

Biased Elections in the House of Representatives Elections for the United States Congress have become increasingly biased in favor of the incumbents. The problem is especially prevalent in the House of Representatives, which is designed to be the legislature closest to the people, and therefore most reflective of the people’s views. However, unlike elections for governors or presidents, the congressional races are generally not competitive races. While an incumbent president does have some advantages over a challenger, they are not guaranteed the win. In fact, two of the last four presidents lost their bid for re-election, Jimmy Carter in 1980 and George Bush in 1992. However, in the last four House elections, on average, 92.7% of the incumbents seeking re-election won (Vital Statistics on Congress). There are many reasons for this trend in the House, and just as many possible solutions, but most are likely to fail. However, if the House is to remain truly representative of the people and of the changing times, clearl y something must be done. It is at first surprising that incumbents don’t always win in the Senate also. But this is not the case. The incumbent success rate since World War II is only 75% in the Senate, a much more reasonable number. Because the Senate carries more prestige than the House, it is not surprising that Senate races would be more hotly contested. Most people who run for the Senate already hold a public office of some kind, or for some other reason have good name recognition. These two things explain the competition in the Senate, both candidates are generally competent representatives, and people are already familiar with them. However, most candidates running for a House seat do not have a prestigious political background. Because of this, a candidate must either have some other form of name recognition or have a lot of money to get it. Unfortunately, most people don’t have either of these, and this is why the House incumbents win 93% of the time. One possible solution to this problem, the one Americans are currently enacting, is to do nothing. While the incumbent success rate for re-election is extraordinarily high, there is still turnover in the House due to retirement for various reasons and losses in campaigns. For example, in the 1994 elections, 48 people retired and 38 incumbents were defeated in the election.

Comparison Between The American Revolutionary War And The 11 States Secession From The Union

The American Revolutionary War which occurred between 1775 and 1783 a conflict that involved the Thirteen United British colonies in North America and the Kingdom of Great Britain. The thirteen colonies had been established between 1607 and 1733 as a result of the British colonization in North America. The thirteen states desire to overthrow the British rule and to acquire independence motivated the revolutionaries to fight for the control of the Thirteen British Colonies from the British rule.As a result of the war, the thirteen colonies were able to overthrow the British Empire governance and gain independence to become the United States of America. Self –governing independent states were formed by the colonies, which then became united in order to defend their independence or self-governance against the British rule. At the end of the war, the thirteen colonies were able to break away from the British Empire rule, and they became independent under the 1776 Declaration of In dependence.The secession of the eleven southern states from the US Federal government(Union) resulted to the American Civil War which occurred between 1861 and 1865 . The secession resulted to the formation of the Confederate States of America(Confederacy),which was supported by all the border slave and free states. Due to the difference in opinion between the anti-slavery northern states and the slave-owning southern states, the conflict was triggered. The secession was motivated by the southern states fear of losing control over the federal government to the northern states.The southern states also intended to continue with slavery, which the northern states did not support. Both the American Revolutionary War and the secession have certain similarities and differences. Discussion Similarities between the American Revolutionary War and the Eleven Southern States Secession One major similarity between the two historical events is that, one opposing side in the conflicts was motivat ed by the need to be independent. In the American Revolutionary War, the thirteen colonies under the revolutionaries fought against the British rule in order to be independent.Before the conflict, the thirteen colonies were part of the British America which was under the British rule under a set of mandates, dominions, and protectorates. During the secession of the eleven southern states, the states fought for their independence from the Union or the then US Federation government. While the desire to be independent was triggered by different reasons for the two events, the major reason of the two conflicts was to seek sovereignity.The Southern states wanted to be independent so as to practice slavery and continue owning slaves without the influence of the anti-slavery northern states, while the thirteen states wanted their independence from the British unpopular and illegitimate rule. Another similarity between the two is that, the parties that sought to be independent were successf ul. In the American Revolutionary war, the thirteen states were able to get independence and sovereignty to become the United States of America. The secession of the eleven states on the other hand led to the independence of the states from the Union to form the Confederate of States.However, the independence of the southern states was short lived and it ended in 1865. In the two events, there was the use of military forces . The American Revolutionary War involved the British, and the revolutionary and the allies forces. The secession ended with the American Civil War, where the Confederacy and Union forces fought. The Differences The two events were different based on the military forces that were involved in the conflicts. The American Revolutionary War had the other outside military forces assisting the two conflicting parties in the war.However, the secession of southern states and the resulting American Civil War was a conflict between two American forces (the Union and the Co nfederacy forces), where the Union forces were made up of the northern states, while the confederacy forces were made up of the southern states. In addition, the two events were motivated by different reasons to be independent. While the American Revolutionary War resulted from the thirteen states desire to be independent so as to prevent the British rule imposing of taxes and laws that were unpopular , the eleven Southern States desire to be independent was motivated by the states support of slavery.Did the Constitution require a Perpetual Union? The Perpetual Union played an important role in the formation of the US Constitution. After defeating the British rule, the governing constitution of the thirteen independent states was the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. This made it possible for the formation of the â€Å"United States of America† and the confederation government. The states were therefore able to retain their sovereignity. The establishment of a fe deral system of governance made it less important for some content of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union to be put in the constitution.However,the perpetual union constitution paved way for a more powerful and balanced government. The need to have a more powerful government and balance legislative decisions of small and large states motivated the replacement of the Articles of Perpetual Union with the US Constitution . Abraham Lincoln made an inaugural address in March 4, 1861 in relation to the constitution and the Union. According to his speech, Lincoln recognized that the Union was older than the constitution.The Union had been formed much earlier than the constitution under the Articles of Association in 1774, and the 1776 Declaration of Independence continued the union. After getting their sovereignity, the Thirteen States had accepted to be in the Perpetual Union in 1778 under the Articles of Confederation. Lincoln through his inaugural address acknowledged the importance of the Perpetual Union by stating that the 1787 move to establish and ordain a US Constitution was to improve the earlier formed union into a perfect union.ConclusionThe American Revolutionary War and the secession of the eleven southern states are two historical events that have contributed greatly to the American history . The activities that took place during the two events have continued to mould the American society up to date. These two events were very beneficial to the American people because they managed to obtain their independence from the British rule, and the social injustices (slavery) fought against. Though many people lost their lives during the conflicts, the American people continue to enjoy the benefits that resulted from the conflicts up to date.Works Cited Chambers, John. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press, 1999 Heidler, David. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (20 02), 1591–98 Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789. Northeastern University Press, 1983 Kenneth, Stampp. â€Å"The Concept of a Perpetual Union,† The Journal of American History, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jun. , 1978), pp. 5-33 Weintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears; America's Battle for Freedom, Britain's Quagmire: 1775- 1783. New York: Free Press, 2005

The Catholic Church and Charity - 1333 Words

The Catholic Church has been around since 100 AD. While it has been a place of worship for over 1.1 billion people all over the world, the Catholic Church is not just a source of faith for those same people. The Catholic Church is one of the world’s largest sources of charity. The Catholic Church serves billions of people all over the world every year with a large range of services. The Catholic religion is dominated by the theological philosophy that one must be a good person, but also give back during the course of their lifetime. With charity being one of the core values of the Catholic religion, it is no question that the Catholic Church is quite probably the largest charity in the world. The Catholic Church provides for the poor by giving them a place to eat and stay, they allocate funds for many types of organizations involving helping the downtrodden and people who cannot help themselves, and most importantly, the Catholic Church has a large network of people who go on missions to different countries to help spread the religion of Catholicism, but also help the people there build homes, water treatment facilities, and help them with an assortment of other health related tasks such as AIDs prevention and malaria prevention. The Catholic Church’s main priority in regards to their charitable contributions to the world is the fight against poverty. Catholics have been trying to help the poor for quite some time now. The teachings of Jesus Christ and even many passages inShow MoreRelatedWhy Religious Organizations Should Continue Not Be Taxed Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations from taxes due to Constitutional law, the necessity of consistently applying the tax code, the importance of promoting charity and protecting the vulnerable, and the establishment of legal precedents. Religious organizations are currently categorized as section 501(c)(3) organizations, putting them in the same tax bracket as nonprofit organizations and charities. They are not even required to apply for nonprofit status from the IRS; it is an automatic privilege. Religious organizationsRead MoreThe Catholic Church And The Church1294 Words   |  6 PagesThe Catholic Church has always been one to hand out praise fairly freely. There is a patron saint for everything, from plague to beekeeping to flowers. 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